Noun Phrase

Noun is word to point/signed at the thing. For example : the tall, my brother, loneliness, etc. Phrase is a group of words. So, Noun phrases is a group of word that to point/signed at the thing.

Noun phrase consist of a pronoun or noun with only associated noun phrases can act as a subject, object, complement object of preposition, and object of verb.

The function of Noun phrase :

• Subject

Example :

The children play on the forest.

• Object

Example :

My mother buys a basket of vegetables.

• Complement

Example :

Bogor is a rainy location.

The basic structure of Noun phrase :

Phrase consist minimally of a head this means, in one word phrase like “boy”, the head is “boy” in langer phrase a string of elements my appear before the head.

Example : The naughty boy.

Noun is word to point/signed at the thing. For example : the tall, my brother, loneliness, etc. Phrase is a group of words. So, Noun phrases is a group of word that to point/signed at the thing.

Noun phrase consist of a pronoun or noun with only associated noun phrases can act as a subject, object, complement object of preposition, and object of verb.

The function of Noun phrase :

• Subject

Example :

The children play on the forest.

• Object

Example :

My mother buys a basket of vegetables.

• Complement

Example :

Bogor is a rainy location.

The basic structure of Noun phrase :

Phrase consist minimally of a head this means, in one word phrase like “boy”, the head is “boy” in langer phrase a string of elements my appear before the head.

Example : The naughty boy.

Simple Present Tense

The formula of Simple present tense :

• Nominal :

(+ ) S + to be + Complement (noun, adjective, and adverb).

( - ) S + to be + not + Complement.

( ? )to be + S + Complement + ?

Example :

(+ ) Reza is always happy.

( - ) Reza is not always happy.

( ? )Is Reza always happy?

• Verbal :

(+ ) S + Verb 1(s/es) + O.

( - ) S + do/does + not + Verb 1 + O.

( ? )do/does + S + Verb 1 + O + ?

Example :

(+ ) I usually get up at six o’clock in the morning.

( - ) I do not usually get up at six o’clock in the morning.

( ? )Do I usually get up at six o’clock in the morning?

Simple present tense used to show :

• Daily routines or habitual action :

Example :

(+ ) Hamirat always swims in the afternoon.

( - ) Hamirat does not always swim in the afternoon.

( ? )Does Hamirat always swim in the afternoon?

• An action that happen in the present time if followed with stative verbs. Example of stative verbs are : know, understand, have, believe, hate, need, hear, love, appear, see, like, seem, smell, want, taste, wish, sound own and etc.

Example :

(+ ) They understand the problem now.

( - ) They don’t understand the problem now.

( ? )Do They understand the problem now?

Direct and Indirect Speech

Direct speech : refers to reproducing another persons excact word. We use quotation marks (" ")

Example of Direct Speech :
1. Jani said, “I’m very busy .”
2. They said, “We have bought a picture.”
3. He said, “I am learning my lesson.”
4. Lisa says, “I got the first prize.”
5. You said, “I will come to help him.”
6. Oskar will say, “I will do my best.”

Indirect speech : refers to reproducing the idea of another persons word.

There are 3 kinds of indirect speech :
1. Imperrative (command/request)
2. interrogative (question)
3. Declarative (statement)

Example :
1. Imperrative (command / request)
Direct : Mrs. Rika said to Dina, "Don't wory about it."
Indirect : Mrs. Rika told Dina not to wory about it.

2. Interrogative (question)
Direct : Risa asked to Nico, "Are you a journalist?"
Indirect : Risa asked if / whether He was journalist.

3. Declarative (statement)
Direct : Mr. Dion said, "I worked hard yesterday."
Indirect : Mr. Dion said that he worked hard the day before.

In comand sentences, direct speech can changed to indirect speech with change "Said" to be "Ordered", "Told", and "Forbade".
Example :
1. Direct : Hamid said, "Open the door!"
Indirect : Hamid ordered to open the door.

2. Direct : Hamid said, "Dul, come here!"
Indirect : Hamid told Dul to come there.

3. Direct : Hamid said to Andi, "Do not disturb me!"
Indirect : Hamid forbade Andi to disturb him.


Time change

Expressions of time if reported on a different day

This (evening)
That (evening)

Today
Yesterday

These (days)
Those (days)

Now
Then

(a week) ago
(a week) before

Last weekend
The weekend before last / the previous weekend

Here

There
Next (week)
The following (week)

Tomorrow
The next/following day



Tense change
Direct speech

Indirect speech
Present simple She said, "It's cold."
›
Past simple She said it was cold.
Present continuous She said, "I'm teaching English online."
›
Past continuous She said she was teaching English online.
Present perfect simple She said, "I've been on the web since 1999."
›
Past perfect simpleShe said she had been on the web since 1999.
Present perfect continuous She said, "I've been teaching English for seven years."
›
Past perfect continuous She said she had been teaching English for seven years.
Past simple She said, "I taught online yesterday."
›
Past perfect She said she had taught online yesterday.
Past continuous She said, "I was teaching earlier."
›
Past perfect continuous She said she had been teaching earlier.
Past perfect She said, "The lesson had already started when he arrived."
›
Past perfect She said the lesson had already started when he arrived.
Past perfect continuousShe said, "I'd already been teaching for five minutes."
›
Past perfect continuous She said she'd already been teaching for five minutes.

gratitude,compliment,and congratulation

Gratitude is expression that used to said thank you to other people.

Kind of gratitude expression are :
Thank you very much.
Thanks.
I am grateful to……
I want to thank……
I want to express my gratitude to
I keep forgetting to thank you for……

Respon of expressing :
· You are welcome.
· Don’t mention it!
· Not at all.
· It was nothing at all.
· No problem.
· Glad to be of help.
· (it was) my pleasure.
· I am glad I could help.
· I am glad I could do it.
· I am glad I could be of help.

Compliment is expression that used to give praising to other people. Some people use compliment to better up someday or to flatter in order to increase good will.

Expressing :
o What a nice dress?
o You look great.
o You look very nice.
o I really must express my admiration for you.
o Good grades.
o Excellent.
o Nice work.

Time to expressing compliment :
o On his/her general appearance.
o If you notice something new about the person’s appearance.
o When you visit someone’s house for the first time.
o When other people do their best.


Congratulation is expression that used to said congratulate to someone when get a success.

Expressing :
v Let me congratulate you.
v Congratulations on your successful business.
v My congratulations on your success.
v Congratulations on your promotion.
v Good!
v That’s great!
v How fortunate.
v Splendid.
v Pretty good.

Responding :
v Thank you.
v Thanks, I needed that.
v That’s very kind of you.
v It’s very kind of you to say that.
v Do you really think so?
v You’ve made my day!
v The same to you.
v I’m glad you like it.Thank you, it’s nice of you to say so.

narrative text

Narrative text is a kind of text to retell the story that past tense.

The purpose of the text is to entertain the readers/listeners about story

The generic structure of Narrative text :
Orientation :
It set the scene and introduce the participants (it answers the question : who, when, what, and where).
Complication :
Tells the problems of the story and how the main characters solve them.
Resolution :
The crisis is revolved, for better or worse.
Re-orientation :
The ending of the story.
Evaluation :
The stepping back to evaluate the story or the moral message of the story.

Example narrative text:
The Chipmunk That Ran Away
Once upon a time, there was a nervous little chipmunk. She was always afraid that something bad happened to her. One day, she heard a little noise. It was really only an apple that fell to the ground. But the little Chipmunk was afraid and said “The sky is falling in.” Then she railed away as fast as she could go.Soon she met an old brother Chipmunk, who asked, “Where are you running to, little Chipmunk?”And the little Chipmunk answered, “The sky is falling in, and I am running away.”“The sky is falling in?” said the old brother Chipmunk. And he told the story to his brother chipmunk, until at last there were a hundred brother Chipmunks shouting, “The sky is failing in.”
Soon the larger animals heard what the Chipmunks were saying. The Deer,the Sheep, the Pig, the Camel, the Tiger, and the Elephant began to say, “The sky is falling in.”Then the wise Lion heard all the noise and wanted to know what was happening. He stopped all the animals and asked, “What are you saying?” The brother Chipmunks said, “Oh we heard it from that little Chipmunk!” And the Lion said, “Little Chipmunk, what made you say that the sky was falling in?” And the little Chipmunk said, “I saw it there near the tree.” “Well,” said the Lion, “Come with me and I will show you how something”. “Now get on my back.” The Lion took her on his back, and asked the animal, to stay where they were until they returned.
Then he showed the little Chipmunk that the apple had fallen to the ground. This made the noise that had made herafraid. The little Chipmunk said, “Oh, I see. The sky is not falling in.”the Lion said, “Let’s go back and tell the other animals.”So they went back. At last all the animals knew that the sky was not falling in.

Passive Voice

Passive voice is a grammatical voice in which the subject receives the action of a transitive verb, and passive refers more generally to verbs using this construction and the passages in which they are used.


Simple present
active:The company ship the computer to many foreign countries.
passive:Computers are shipped to many foreign countries.

Present Progressive
active:The chef is preparing the food.
passive:The food is being prepared.

Simple Past
active:The delivery man delivered the package yesterday.
passive:The package was delivered yesterday.

Past Progressive
active:The producer was making an announcement.
passive:An announcement was being made.

Future
active:Our representative will pick up the computer.
passive:The computer will be picked up.

Present Perfect
active:Someone has made the arrangements for us.
passive:The arrangements have been made for us.

Past Perfect
active:They had given us visas for three months.
passive:They had given us visas for three months.

Modals
active:You can use the computer.
passive:The computer can be used.

Subject/Object
active:They sent the man a package.
passive:The man was sent a package.